Investigation of a cold-based ice apron on a high-mountain permafrost rock wall using ice texture analysis and micro-14C dating : a case study of the Triangle du Tacul ice apron (Mont Blanc massif, France)

This study is part of the ANR 14-CE03-0006 VIP Mont Blanc and the EU ALCOTRA AdaPT Mont Blanc project.The current paper studies the dynamics and age of the Triangle du Tacul (TDT) ice apron, a massive ice volume lying on a steep high-mountain rock wall in the French side of the Mont-Blanc massif at an altitude close to 3640 m a.s.l. Three 60 cm long ice cores were drilled to bedrock (i.e. the rock wall) in 2018 and 2019 at the TDT ice apron. Texture (microstructure and lattice-preferred orientation, LPO) analyses were performed on one core. The two remaining cores were used for radiocarbon dating of the particulate organic carbon fraction (three samples in total). Microstructure and LPO do not substantially vary with along the axis of the ice core. Throughout the core, irregularly shaped grains, associated with strain-induced grain boundary migration and strong single maximum LPO, were observed. Measurements indicate that at the TDT ice deforms under a low strain-rate simple shear regime, with a shear plane parallel to the surface slope of the ice apron. Dynamic recrystallization stands out as the major mechanism for grain growth. Micro-radiocarbon dating indicates that the TDT ice becomes older with depth perpendicular to the ice surface. We observed ice ages older than 600 year BP and at the base of the lowest 30 cm older than 3000 years.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Radiocarbon in global tropospheric carbon dioxide

Since the 1950s, observations of radiocarbon (14C) in tropospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) have been conducted in both hemispheres, documenting the so-called nuclear "bomb spike" and its transfer into the oceans and the terrestrial biosphere, the two compartments permanently exchanging carbon with the atmosphere. Results from the Heidelberg global network of 14C-CO2 observations are revisited here with respect to the insights and quantitative constraints they provided on these carbon exchange fluxes. The recent development of global and hemispheric trends of 14C-CO2 are further discussed in regard to their suitability to continue providing constraints for 14C-free fossil CO2 emission changes on the global and regional scale

Year-round records of bulk and size-segregated aerosol composition in central Antarctica (Concordia site) Part 1: Fractionation of sea-salt particles

Abstract. Multiple year-round records of bulk and size-segregated composition of aerosol were obtained at the inland site of Concordia located at Dome C in East Antarctica. In parallel, sampling of acidic gases on denuder tubes was carried out to quantify the concentrations of HCl and HNO3 present in the gas phase. These time-series are used to examine aerosol present over central Antarctica in terms of chloride depletion relative to sodium with respect to freshly emitted sea-salt aerosol as well as depletion of sulfate relative to sodium with respect to the composition of seawater. A depletion of chloride relative to sodium is observed over most of the year, reaching a maximum of ~ 20 ng m−3 in spring when there are still large sea-salt amounts and acidic components start to recover. The role of acidic sulfur aerosol and nitric acid in replacing chloride from sea-salt particles is here discussed. HCl is found to be around twice more abundant than the amount of chloride lost by sea-salt aerosol, suggesting that either HCl is more efficiently transported to Concordia than sea-salt aerosol or reemission from the snow pack over the Antarctic plateau represents an additional significant HCl source. The size-segregated composition of aerosol collected in winter (from 2006 to 2011) indicates a mean sulfate to sodium ratio of sea-salt aerosol present over central Antarctica of 0.16 ± 0.05, suggesting that, on average, the sea-ice and open ocean emissions equally contribute to sea-salt aerosol load of the inland Antarctic atmosphere. The temporal variability of the sulfate depletion relative to sodium was examined at the light of air mass backward trajectories, showing an overall decreasing trend of the ratio (i.e. a stronger sulfate depletion relative to sodium) when air masses arriving at Dome C had travelled a longer time over sea-ice than over open-ocean. The findings are shown to be useful to discuss sea-salt ice records extracted at deep drilling sites located inland Antarctica. </jats:p

Year-round record of bulk and size-segregated aerosol composition in central Antarctica (Concordia site) Part 2: Biogenic sulfur (sulfate and methanesulfonate) aerosol

Multiple year-round (2006-2015) records of the bulk and size-segregated composition of aerosol were obtained at 15 the inland site of Concordia located in East Antarctica. The well-marked maximum of non-sea-salt sulfate (nssSO4) in January (84 ± 25 ng m-3 against 4.4 ± 2.3 ng m-3 in July) is consistent with observations made at the coast (280 ± 78 ng m-3 in January against 16 ± 9 ng m-3 in July at Dumont d’Urville, for instance). In contrast, the well-marked maximum of MSA at the coast in January (60 ± 23 ng m-3 at Dumont d’Urville) is not observed at Concordia (4.6 ± 2.4 ng m-3 in January). Instead, the MSA level at Concordia peaks in October (5.6 ± 1.9 ng m-3) and March (13.2 ± 6.1 ng m-3). As a result, a surprisingly low MSA to nssSO4 ratio (RMSA) is observed at Concordia in mid-summer (0.05 ± 0.02 in January against 0.25 ± 0.09 in March). We find that the low value of RMSA in mid-summer at Concordia is mainly driven by a drop of MSA levels that takes place in submicron aerosol (0.3 μm diameter). The drop of MSA coincides with periods of high photochemical activity as indicated by high ozone levels, strongly suggesting the occurrence of an efficient chemical destruction of MSA over the Antarctic plateau in mid-summer. The relationship between MSA and nssSO4 levels is examined separately for each season and indicates that concentration of non-biogenic sulfate over the Antarctic plateau does not exceed 1 ng m-3 in fall and winter and remains below 5 ng m-3 in spring. This weak non-biogenic sulfate level is discussed in the light of radionuclides (210Pb, 10Be, and 7Be) also measured on bulk aerosol samples collected at Concordia. The findings highlight the complexity in using MSA in deep ice cores extracted from inland Antarctica as a proxy of past DMS emissions from the southern ocean

OH and RO 2 radicals at Dome C (East Antarctica): first observations and assessment of photochemical budget

International audienceMeasurements of OH and total peroxy RO 2 (HO 2 + organic peroxy) radicals were performed in December 2011/January 2012 at the Dome C Concordia station (East Antarctica, 75.1˚S / 123.3˚E) in the frame of the Oxi-dant Production over Antarctic Land and its Export (OPALE) project. The goal of these first on the East Antarctica plateau radical measurements was to estimate the oxidative capacity and assess the role of snow emissions on the radical budget in this part of Antarctica. The OH concentration levels were found to be in general similar to those observed at South Pole. However, based on the analysis of the OH sources and sinks derived from the available measurements of NO x , HONO, HCHO, H 2 O 2 and others, it has been concluded that, in contrast to South Pole, the photolysis of HONO is the major OH source at Dome C site. The role of HONO as the major source of OH is also supported by an excellent correlation of OH with the production rate of OH from the HONO photolysis. The observed diurnal profiles of OH and RO 2 are discussed in relation with boundary dynamics and the variability of photolysis and snow emissions rates

Alpine ice evidence of a three-fold increase in atmospheric iodine deposition since 1950 in Europe due to increasing oceanic emissions

Iodine is an important nutrient and a significant sink of tropospheric ozone, a climate-forcing gas and air pollutant. Ozone interacts with seawater iodide, leading to volatile inorganic iodine release that likely represents the largest source of atmospheric iodine. Increasing ozone concentrations since the preindustrial period imply that iodine chemistry and its associated ozone destruction is now substantially more active. However, the lack of historical observations of ozone and iodine means that such estimates rely primarily on model calculations. Here we use seasonally resolved records from an Alpine ice core to investigate 20th century changes in atmospheric iodine. After carefully considering possible postdepositional changes in the ice core record, we conclude that iodine deposition over the Alps increased by at least a factor of 3 from 1950 to the 1990s in the summer months, with smaller increases during the winter months. We reproduce these general trends using a chemical transport model and show that they are due to increased oceanic iodine emissions, coupled to a change in iodine speciation over Europe from enhanced nitrogen oxide emissions. The model underestimates the increase in iodine deposition by a factor of 2, however, which may be due to an underestimate in the 20th century ozone increase. Our results suggest that iodine's impact on the Northern Hemisphere atmosphere accelerated over the 20th century and show a coupling between anthropogenic pollution and the availability of iodine as an essential nutrient to the terrestrial biosphere

Boreal fire records in Northern Hemisphere ice cores: a review

Here, we review different attempts made since the early 1990s to reconstruct past forest fire activity using chemical signals recorded in ice cores extracted from the Greenland ice sheet and a few mid-northern latitude, high-elevation glaciers. We first examined the quality of various inorganic (ammonium, nitrate, potassium) and organic (black carbon, various organic carbon compounds including levoglucosan and numerous carboxylic acids) species proposed as fire proxies in ice, particularly in Greenland. We discuss limitations in their use during recent vs. pre-industrial times, atmospheric lifetimes, and the relative importance of other non-biomass-burning sources. Different high-resolution records from several Greenland drill sites and covering various timescales, including the last century and Holocene, are discussed. We explore the extent to which atmospheric transport can modulate the record of boreal fires from Canada as recorded in Greenland ice. Ammonium, organic fractions (black and organic carbon), and specific organic compounds such as formate and vanillic acid are found to be good proxies for tracing past boreal fires in Greenland ice. We show that use of other species – potassium, nitrate, and carboxylates (except formate) – is complicated by either post-depositional effects or existence of large non-biomass-burning sources. The quality of levoglucosan with respect to other proxies is not addressed here because of a lack of high-resolution profiles for this species, preventing a fair comparison. Several Greenland ice records of ammonium consistently indicate changing fire activity in Canada in response to past climatic conditions that occurred during the last millennium and since the last large climatic transition. Based on this review, we make recommendations for further study to increase reliability of the reconstructed history of forest fires occurring in a given region

Characterizing Atmospheric Transport Pathways to Antarctica and the Remote Southern Ocean Using Radon-222

We discuss remote terrestrial influences on boundary layer air over the Southern Ocean and Antarctica, and the mechanisms by which they arise, using atmospheric radon observations as a proxy. Our primary motivation was to enhance the scientific community’s ability to understand and quantify the potential effects of pollution, nutrient or pollen transport from distant land masses to these remote, sparsely instrumented regions. Seasonal radon characteristics are discussed at 6 stations (Macquarie Island, King Sejong, Neumayer, Dumont d’Urville, Jang Bogo and Dome Concordia) using 1–4 years of continuous observations. Context is provided for differences observed between these sites by Southern Ocean radon transects between 45 and 67°S made by the Research Vessel Investigator. Synoptic transport of continental air within the marine boundary layer (MBL) dominated radon seasonal cycles in the mid-Southern Ocean site (Macquarie Island). MBL synoptic transport, tropospheric injection, and Antarctic outflow all contributed to the seasonal cycle at the sub-Antarctic site (King Sejong). Tropospheric subsidence and injection events delivered terrestrially influenced air to the Southern Ocean MBL in the vicinity of the circumpolar trough (or “Polar Front”). Katabatic outflow events from Antarctica were observed to modify trace gas and aerosol characteristics of the MBL 100–200 km off the coast. Radon seasonal cycles at coastal Antarctic sites were dominated by a combination of local radon sources in summer and subsidence of terrestrially influenced tropospheric air, whereas those on the Antarctic Plateau were primarily controlled by tropospheric subsidence. Separate characterization of long-term marine and katabatic flow air masses at Dumont d’Urville revealed monthly mean differences in summer of up to 5 ppbv in ozone and 0.3 ng m-3 in gaseous elemental mercury. These differences were largely attributed to chemical processes on the Antarctic Plateau. A comparison of our observations with some Antarctic radon simulations by global climate models over the past two decades indicated that: (i) some models overestimate synoptic transport to Antarctica in the MBL, (ii) the seasonality of the Antarctic ice sheet needs to be better represented in models, (iii) coastal Antarctic radon sources need to be taken into account, and (iv) the underestimation of radon in subsiding tropospheric air needs to be investigated

History of European air pollution inferred from Alpine ice cores

The Col du Dôme (CDD) glacier site (4250 m asl, Mont Blanc massif), was investigated for its suitability to reconstruct the anthropogenic atmospheric perturbation over Europe. For that: (1) a 126 m long ice core was analysed in high resolution for major ions, fluor, and light carboxylates, (2) continuous year round measurements of key aerosol species were performed at the CDD site (Vallot Observatory). It is shown that atmospheric relevant information can be extracted in seasonal resolution from the CDD ice at least over the last 80 years, but also that special attention has to be paid on glacier flow effects when interpreting ice records from such a small scaled glacier site in terms of atmospheric changes. The interpretation of the chemical CDD ice core records revealed that summer SO4 2- changes at CDD follow closely the course of anthropogenic SO2 emissions released within 1000 km around the Alps, while winter SO4 2- changes reflect a more limited contamination of the free troposphere at the scale of total Europe. Using the firn/air relation established at CDD, past atmospheric SO4 2- concentrations at 4300 m asl over Europe were reconstructed and compared to current atmospheric model simulations. The natural NO emissions was estimated to amount for ≈20% of the present-day NO budget. While temporal changes of CDD NO3- levels are in agreement with estimated NO emissions in western Europe, this is not true for NH4+ which appears to increase significantly stronger over the last 80 years than current ammonia emission estimates. The examination of the F- and HCl budget revealed that in addition to coal burning, aluminium smelters and waste incineration were the major anthropogenic sources of these species between 1935 and 1975, after 1960, respectively. Finally it was shown that natural inputs dominate here the oxalate budget over the last 80 years, whereas for acetate and formate a significant anthropogenic contribution occurred between 1950 and 1980.La possibilité de reconstruire l'histoire de la pollution atmosphérique Européenne a été exploré au Col du Dôme (CDD) (4250 m d'altitude, Massif du Mont Blanc). Pour cela une carotte de 126 m a été analysé à haute résolution pour les ions majeurs, le F- et les carboxylates, et des mesures atmosphériques continues de l'aérosol effectuées sur le site (Observatoire Vallot). Ceci a montré que des informations atmosphériques peuvent être obtenues avec une résolution saisonnière à partir de la glace du CDD et ce au moins sur les 80 dernières années mais que des précautions sont à prendre pour tenir compte du fluage de la glace lors de l'interprétation de ces signaux en terme de changements atmosphériques. Les enregistrements "glace" montrent que les valeurs estivales de SO4 2- suivent l'évolution des émissions anthropiques de SO2 des pays situés à 1000 km autour des Alpes tandis qu'en hiver elles reflètent plus la contamination diffuse de la troposphère libre à l'échelle de l'Europe entière. En utilisant la relation "air/neige" obtenue à Vallot, les concentrations atmosphériques passées de SO4 2- ont été reconstituées et comparées aux simulations des modèles de chimie. Nous avons estimé que les émissions naturelles représentent environ 20% des émissions actuelles de NO. L'évolution passé de NO3- est en bon accord avec l'histoire des émissions anthropiques de NO de l'Europe, il n'en va pas de même pour NH4+ dont la tendance apparait plus importante que ce que l'on peut attendre avec les estimations actuelles d'émission anthropique de NH3. Notre examen du budget de F- et HCl montrent qu'en plus de la combustion du charbon, l'industrie de l'aluminium et l'incinérarion des déchets ont été les sources anthropiques majeures de ces composés entre 1935 et 1975, après 1960, respectivement. Finalement les sources naturelles semblent dominer le budget de l'oxalate depuis 80 ans tandis que le formate et l'acétate indiquent une tendance anthropique entre 1950 et 1980

Ammonium in Antarctic aerosol: Marine biological activity versus long-range transport of biomass burning

Year-round records of the ionic composition of Antarctic aerosol were obtained at the inland Dome C (DC) and coastal Neumayer (NM) sites, with additional observations of black carbon at NM. Discussions focus on the origin of ammonium in Antarctica. This first Antarctic atmospheric study of several species emitted by biomass burning indicates that black carbon, oxalate, and fine potassium reach a maximum in October in relation to biomass burning activity in the southern hemisphere. Ammonium reaches a maximum two months later, suggesting that biomass burning remains a minor ammonium source there. The ammonium maximum in December coincides with the occurrence of diatom blooms in the austral ocean, suggesting that oceanic ammonia emissions are the main source of ammonium in Antarctica. The ammonium to sulfur-derived biogenic species molar ratio of 0.15 in summer suggests far lower ammonia emissions from the Antarctic oceans than mid-latitude southern oceans